In the international trade practice, there are two main methods of export-import operations, namely

Abstracts Course Work Diploma thesis Tutorials Works Glossary Economic Dictionary EIT 2013 Jobs for Students Language Courses generator list of references ranking usa imports
Home Tutorials Tutorial of international management (AI Kredisov) download online Chapter 4 Organization of export-import operations 1. BASIC METHODS OF EXPORT AND IMPORT OF GOODS
In the international trade practice, there are two main methods of export-import operations, namely direct (direct) exports usa imports and imports, which involves the supply of goods industry directly to a foreign customer or purchase it at the relevant goods, and indirect (indirect) exports and imports, which involves the sale and purchase of goods through resellers. usa imports For the current stage of development of large-scale production of great concentration and centralization of capital is characterized by the expansion of direct exports and imports. For example, the U.S. is now 2/3 of exports of manufactured goods is done directly by manufacturers. The direct method of foreign operations apply: * the sale and purchase of industrial raw materials through long-term usa imports contracts * in case of export of expensive and bulky equipment * in case of standard equipment exports by foreign affiliates * with the purchase of agricultural products from farmers * in case of sale and purchases of goods by the state. Direct connections have several advantages: a closer contact with the counterparty, better knowledge of market conditions, the rapid adaptation of their production facilities to the buyer's needs. However, the indirect exports and imports continued to maintain its value. usa imports It is estimated that through resellers in world trade involved about 50% of the total products. This method is used: * in the case of sales of standard industrial equipment * in the case of sales of consumer goods, usa imports * the implementation of secondary products * in some remote and little known markets * when promoting new products * in the absence of its own distribution network, * provided that trade is monopolized by large commercial and intermediary firms. In the indirect method of export-import operations also has its advantages: great experience, private network service, good communication, knowledge usa imports of the market and conditions. General principles usa imports of organization and management of production and marketing activities of industrial firms. Industrial firms are composed of different units, which can be divided into three groups: 1) manufacturing unit dealing with issues related to the production of goods, 2) functional departments, which includes the departments of marketing, market research, advertising, delivery, usa imports transportation , insurance, legal, and economic planning, and 3) Administrative divisions: Finance Department, Accounting, Human Resources, Department usa imports of Relations with employees and the government. The organizational structure usa imports of the company and management principles determined by several factors - the size of production, production profile, production technology, scope, scale and other foreign activities. There are two main forms of management of industrial firms: centralized and decentralized. Provides centralized management of economic activities of companies in one place, strict regulation and coordination of their activities, a complete lack of economic independence. This form is usually used by small companies, technology-related, operating mainly in the extractive industries usa imports and oriented to the domestic market. Guide this firm carries president, two vice presidents, one of whom is responsible usa imports for the production, the other - the sale of goods. Addressing other issues usually transferred to specialized firms. If the firm is large, it includes several vice presidents, it is subject to many departments run by managers. Sometimes a large firm creates board or board of Governors of coordination and a common policy. Decentralized form of management within the firm involves the creation of the production department, which enjoy full economic independence. According to the senior management of the company are kept only control functions, coordinate their activities. Everything here is of course conditional. Some large firms president nevertheless interfere in the affairs remotely. The transition to a decentralized form due to the fact that within the firm created a large number of enterprises. The structure of the decentralized management of the company include: central administration, production department, central service, control and financial services. Central apparatus. Senior management of the company is the general meeting of shareholders. usa imports But in fact, it plays a minor role. Almost managed by the supervisory board and management board. The Supervisory Board shall be elected usa imports at the general meeting of shareholders. Its functions usa imports are reduced to the most important questions of life company: * determining usa imports policy on pro